Gumira, Seno (2005) Tiga Panji Tengkorak : Kebudayaan dalam Perbincangan. Doctoral thesis, universitas indonesia.

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Abstract

Comic studies is yet an undeveloped research area in the Indonesian comics, within the framework of the theory of comics and cultural studies. That is why a thorough study about the subject is highly appropriate, This dissertation is a comparison of three different editions of Paoji Tengkorak by Hans Jaladara, published consecutively in 1968, 1985. and 1996. which as a whole, can be called the Three Panj i Tcngkorak. The aim of this study is to discover and to reveal how culture operates. ln this study. Panjt Tengknrak /968. Pan); Tengkorak 1985, and Panj. Tengkorak 1996 are simultaneously compared. The analysis is done through a modiflcauon of Roland Bartbes method in S Z 1be Three Panji Tcngkorak are analysed by breakings them down into smallest units called .lexia and by companng the lexias III a chronological order The theory of comics nom Topffer. Gombrich, Elsner and Me.Cloud are used to analyse the visual aspect of the Three Panji Tengkorak, and the theories of Cultural Studies. oamely tbe works of Foucault. Grarnsci, Hall, and Mulhern are used to consider the meamngs revealed from the narraii vc of the Three. Panji Tengkorak. The analysis covers live topics: First is the overlapping modes of realism which is based on likeness and cartoon which is based on equivalence. From this findings, it can be concluded that although inconsistent, the ideology of objectivity based on likeness IS found in Panji Tengkoralc 1968 and Panji Tengkorak /985; and the ideology of subjectivity based on equivalence IS found in Panji Tenglcoralt 1996. Second, the simulation of several codes i.e, the serious, comical and econooric codes in Cluster 1; the artistic, martial art and VIolence codes inCluster Z, shows that then: is some code switching inside each and between those two groups. and this shows inconsistencies and contradiction. 1be third topic raises the issue of identity (desired and non-identity, factual and non-factual). Hcre we see the politics of identity at _. within the discourses o(the texts. The fourth topic shows contradiction in the gender, ideology of the three 'texts, The fifth shows that oepresentation is unstable. Tbis dissertauon conJudes thai objectivrty and subjectivity are ideological represeotatioD of the construction of reality. These ideological contructioos are at war within the discourses and this is the way culture operates.

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